Doctor Explains Acne: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and More
Acne is one of the most common skin conditions worldwide, affecting people of all ages, though it’s especially widespread among teenagers and young adults. While many consider acne a cosmetic problem, dermatologists emphasize that it’s actually a medical condition influenced by several internal and external factors. Understanding why acne develops, what it looks like, and how it can be treated is essential to managing it effectively.
What Causes Acne?
Acne begins deep within the skin when hair follicles become clogged. Four main factors contribute to this process:
1. Excess Sebum (Oil) Production
Sebaceous glands naturally produce oil to keep the skin moisturized. However, hormonal changes—especially during puberty, pregnancy, or menstrual cycles—can stimulate these glands to produce too much oil. Excessive oil creates a perfect environment for clogged pores.
2. Dead Skin Cell Buildup
Skin constantly sheds dead cells. When these cells don’t shed properly, they mix with oil and block the follicle opening, trapping debris inside.
3. Bacteria (Cutibacterium acnes)
This bacterium lives harmlessly on the skin but can multiply quickly in clogged pores. As it grows, it triggers inflammation, resulting in red, swollen lesions.
4. Hormonal Fluctuations
Hormones called androgens play a major role. Increased androgen activity boosts oil production. This explains why acne is common in teens, pregnant individuals, and women with conditions like PCOS.
Additional contributors include stress, certain cosmetic products, high humidity, friction from helmets or masks, and in some cases, genetics.
Common Symptoms of Acne
Acne can appear in several forms, each indicating a different severity level:
- Whiteheads: closed clogged pores
- Blackheads: open clogged pores that darken upon exposure to air
- Papules: small red bumps caused by inflammation
- Pustules: similar to papules but filled with pus
- Nodules: large, painful lumps deep under the skin
- Cysts: severe, fluid-filled lesions that can lead to scarring
Acne most often develops on the face, chest, shoulders, and back—areas with the highest concentration of oil glands.
Available Treatment Options
Dermatologists customize treatment based on acne type, severity, and skin sensitivity. The most common approaches include:
Topical Treatments
- Benzoyl peroxide: kills acne-causing bacteria
- Salicylic acid: exfoliates inside the pores
- Retinoids: prevent clogged pores and improve cell turnover
- Antibiotic creams: reduce bacteria and inflammation
Oral Medications
For more persistent or severe acne, doctors may prescribe:
- Oral antibiotics
- Hormonal therapies (e.g., birth control pills or anti-androgens)
- Isotretinoin for severe cystic acne
Procedures
- Chemical peels
- Laser therapy
- Professional extraction
- Microneedling for acne scars
Lifestyle Tips for Managing Acne
- Cleanse gently twice daily
- Avoid picking or squeezing pimples
- Use non-comedogenic (non-pore-clogging) products
- Keep hair and hands away from the face
- Manage stress and maintain a balanced diet
The Bottom Line
Acne is a treatable condition, and understanding its causes and symptoms is the first step toward clearer skin. With proper care, medical guidance, and patience, most people can significantly reduce breakouts and prevent long-term scarring. If acne becomes painful or persistent, consulting a dermatologist can make a transformative difference.
